Nickel allergy is estimated to affect 10 to 20% of the general population.
For most of these people the allergy is a contact allergy, where exposing the skin to nickel results in a nasty rash. This is known as allergic contact dermatitis, or ACD. Exposure to high levels of nickel through eating certain foods – a systemic route – results in dermatitis in a subset of patients with nickel ACD; frequently it presents as hand dermatitis, but sometimes it's widespread, and sometimes it's localized, appearing only in places where there has already been an ACD reaction.
This is known as systemic contact dermatitis, or SCD.
Nickel SCD can also be brought on by other systemic routes such as breathing nickel fumes or dust, or exposure to nickel in medical implants or dental materials.
Rietschel, R.L. et al., 2008. Detection of nickel sensitivity has increased in North American patch-test patients. Dermatitis, 19(1), pp.16-19.
Abstract, Full text with free registration
Schuttelaar, M.L. et al., 2018. Prevalence of contact allergy to metals in the European general population with a focus on nickel and piercings: The EDEN Fragrance Study. Contact Dermatitis, 79(1), pp.1-9.
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Warshaw, E.M. et al., 2019. Epidemiology of nickel sensitivity: Retrospective cross-sectional analysis of North American Contact Dermatitis Group data 1994-2014. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 80(3), pp.701-713.
Abstract
Zirwas, M.J. and Molenda, M.A., 2009. Dietary nickel as a cause of systemic contact dermatitis. The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, 2(6), p.39.
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Lampel, H.P. and Silvestri, D.L., 2014. Systemic contact dermatitis: Current challenges and emerging treatments. Current Treatment Options in Allergy, 1(4), pp.348-357.
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Katta, R. and Schlichte, M., 2014. Diet and dermatitis: Food triggers. The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, 7(3), p.30.
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Fabbro, S.K. and Zirwas, M.J., 2014. Systemic contact dermatitis to foods: Nickel, BOP, and more. Current Allergy and Asthma Reports, 14(10), p.463.
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Lampel, H.P. and Silvestri, D.L., 2014. Systemic contact dermatitis: Current challenges and emerging treatments. Current Treatment Options in Allergy, 1(4), pp.348-357.
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Calogiuri, G.F. et al., 2014. Nickel hypersensitivity: A general review on clinical aspects and potential co-morbidities. Journal of Allergy and Therapy, 7, p.243.
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Systemic nickel allergy syndrome (SNAS) is a broader form of nickel SCD that affects much more than just the skin, with symptoms primarily associated with the gastrointestinal and respiratory systems, along with observations of headache, dizziness, fever, cystitis, and many symptoms consistent with fibromyalgia and chronic fatigue syndromes.
In fact, it's been found that some people with SNAS don't suffer from systemic dermatitis at all. Since SNAS is only beginning to be recognized outside of the realm of dermatology, it isn’t possible to speculate on how common it truly is. Some researchers estimate that SNAS occurs in under 10% of people with a nickel allergy, while others found over 60%.
Bergman, D. et al., 2016. Low nickel diet: A patient-centered review. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dermatology Research, 7(355), p.2.
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Ricciardi, L. et al., 2014. Systemic nickel allergy syndrome: Epidemiological data from four Italian allergy units. International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology, 27(1), pp.131-136.
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Braga, M. et al., 2013. Systemic nickel allergy syndrome: nosologic framework and usefulness of diet regimen for diagnosis. International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology, 26(3), pp.707-716.
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Bjørklund, G., Dadar, M. and Aaseth, J., 2018. Delayed-type hypersensitivity to metals in connective tissue diseases and fibromyalgia. Environmental Research, 161, pp.573-579.
Abstract and summary
Regland, B. et al., 2001. Nickel allergy is found in a majority of women with chronic fatigue syndrome and muscle pain — and may be triggered by cigarette smoke and dietary nickel intake. Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, 8(1), pp.57-65.
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Calogiuri, G.F. et al., 2014. Nickel hypersensitivity: A general review on clinical aspects and potential co-morbidities. Journal of Allergy and Therapy, 7, p.243.
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Borghini, R. et al., 2020. Beneficial effects of a low-nickel diet on relapsing IBS-like and extraintestinal symptoms of celiac patients during a proper gluten-free diet: Nickel allergic contact mucositis in suspected non-responsive celiac disease. Nutrients, 12(8), p.2277.
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Rizzi, A. et al., 2017. Irritable Bowel Syndrome and nickel allergy: What is the role of the low nickel diet? Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, 23(1), p.101.
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Stanghellini, V. et al., 2016. Nickel sensitization in patients with gastro-esophageal reflux disease. United European Gastroenterology Journal, 4(2), pp.184-190.
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Ricciardi, L. et al., 2014. Systemic nickel allergy syndrome: Epidemiological data from four Italian allergy units. International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology, 27(1), pp.131-136.
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Braga, M. et al., 2013. Systemic nickel allergy syndrome: Nosologic framework and usefulness of diet regimen for diagnosis. International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology, 26(3), pp.707-716.
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Jensen, C.S., Menné, T. and Duus Johansen, J., 2006. Systemic contact dermatitis after oral exposure to nickel: A review with a modified meta-analysis. Contact Dermatitis, 54(2), pp.79-86.
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Antico, A. and Soana, R., 2015. Nickel sensitization and dietary nickel are a substantial cause of symptoms provocation in patients with chronic allergic-like dermatitis syndromes. Allergy & Rhinology, 6(1), p.e56. Full text
If you've been directed to reduce your exposure to nickel in food, you've probably noticed that:
There is a lot of conflicting advice regarding the nickel content of foods. (See Nickel in Foods to learn why this happens.)
Keeping track of your nickel intake is an overwhelming chore. How can you realistically be expected to know exactly how many micrograms (μg) of nickel are in a serving of a food? Also, counting micrograms, like counting calories, is not a sustainable diet plan.
The Rebelytics Low Nickel Diet helps with both of these problems. For the first, we collected data on the nickel content of foods from over 200 published sources around the world, including national food studies and research papers. From this data we can compute a weighted average so that the most geographically relevant studies are given priority, which reflects the potential local variations in food sources, processing and food preparation methods. For the second, we used this larger and more diverse data with an existing scoring system in which the amount of nickel in a food is converted from a per-kilogram basis to a per-serving basis.
A number of points per serving is then assigned:
— 0 points if a serving has less than 1 μg/serving
— 1 point if a serving has between 1 and 10 μg/serving
— 2 points if a serving has between 10 and 20 μg/serving
… and so on up to …
— 10 points if a serving has between 90 and 100 μg/serving
Total nickel consumption is limited to 15 points, or the recommended 150 μg, daily. Anything above 10 points per serving should be avoided.
The food scores are presented on colour-coded Score Sheets using a traffic light system (green, yellow, red) to make the low nickel (1 point), moderate nickel (2 points) and high nickel (3 or more points) foods easy to recognize, in an easy-to-follow low nickel diet guide.
Mislankar, M. and Zirwas, M.J., 2013. Low-nickel diet scoring system for systemic nickel allergy. Dermatitis, 24(4), pp.190-195. Full text
Before You Begin
This information has been made available to help treat a medical condition.
Please do not proceed until you have medical evidence of a nickel allergy through patch testing or blood testing, or have otherwise been instructed by your doctor to trial a low nickel diet.
See the Resources section for information on how to get tested.
Why get tested? First, most metal objects are blends of multiple metals. If you suspect SNAS based on your reaction to jewelry or household metals, for example, and you haven't been tested, how can you be sure which metal you're reacting to? Nickel is the most common metal allergen, but you could be allergic to any of them. You need all the facts before making important health decisions.
If you're looking at a low nickel diet for a child, you have to be 100% certain it's worth the risk since it is not generally recommended for children.
Schnuch, A. et al., 2012. Surveillance of contact allergies: Methods and results of the Information Network of Departments of Dermatology (IVDK). Allergy, 67(7), pp.847-857.
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Getting tested will do more than confirm your nickel allergy. You'll also find out whether you have any other allergens that could be contributing to your symptoms. It's not uncommon to have more than one contact allergy, and nickel isn't the only one found in food. If you're still reacting to an unknown allergen you won't be able to tell if the diet is working. See the first paragraph of the Other Allergies section for more.
It can take up to 3 months, or sometimes longer, to know whether the diet is working. (See When will I feel better? for more on that.) That's a long time commitment. Aside from risking the frustration of yet another failed diet attempt, there's also risk of developing nutritional deficiencies even in that short time if it's too restricted, and more so in the long-term.
If you have a lot of other dietary restrictions, we recommend consulting with a dietician for nutritional advice.
Most importantly, in order to get tested you'll have to involve your doctor and you'll have the opportunity to discuss whether this diet carries any risks for your health conditions.
Although a low nickel diet is generally a low-risk treatment option for SNAS, there are real risks that shouldn't be taken lightly. Talk to your doctor first to find out if a low nickel diet is an appropriate treatment option.
Zirwas, M.J. and Molenda, M.A., 2009. Dietary nickel as a cause of systemic contact dermatitis. The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, 2(6), p.39.
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Di Gioacchino, M. et al., 2014. Nickel oral hyposensitization in patients with systemic nickel allergy syndrome. Annals of Medicine, 46(1), pp.31-37.
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Silverberg, N.B. et al., 2020. Nickel allergic contact dermatitis: Identification, treatment, and prevention. Pediatrics, 145(5).
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Score Sheets
Score Sheets have been made for various locations around the world, and one from a global perspective (where the data isn’t weighted by location). Choose the Score Sheet for the location closest to you. All of the sheets are also available within the Excel workbook so that you can customize them if you feel so inclined.
Don't forget to sign up for update notifications.
NOTE: This diet is intended only for individuals with a diagnosed nickel allergy.
If you have not been patch tested or had a blood test to diagnose your nickel allergy, please do so before starting this diet.
(See Before You Begin.)
It is your responsibility to obtain personalized advice from a medical professional to ensure that your health needs are met.
The goal is to limit your daily points to 15.
Pay close attention to serving sizes. We recommend using a kitchen scale until you get used to estimating serving sizes.
In the Score Sheets, blue foods are essentially free, green foods cost 1 point, yellow foods 2 points, and red foods 3 or more points. You're more likely to win (eat more) if you stick to the blue and green foods. Red foods should typically be avoided so that you can fit a wider variety of foods into your daily allotment and maximize the nutrition your body needs to heal.
An asterisk (*) beside a food's label on the score sheet means that there is only one measurement available for this food.
Be suspicious of these: there is often a wide variation in nickel content and this single measurement could be on the very low or very high side of the average.
Beside the average score, the range of scores is given in brackets to give you an indication of how high a score can get, but be aware that the likelihood of a sample
having the highest value is generally small. If you want to have a better look at the statistics for a food, look it up in the
summary tables or download the Nickel Navigator app.
See Nickel in Foods for an analysis of the trends in nickel content by food group.
Lifestyle Considerations
The rest of this page contains lifestyle advice based on published science, where it is available. Click on the blue "⌕" to see where it came from.
In the event that your medical team's advice differs, theirs must take precedence.
Science is awesome, but it is based on statistics whereas your medical team's advice is personalized to you.
Where there is no science, we have included suggestions based on observations in online support communities. Do not take them as absolute truth, however, as we are learning more about navigating a low nickel lifestyle every day.
There are 4 main areas to consider to minimize your nickel exposure (in no particular order):
Skin contact
Supplements
Dietary exposure
Dental materials, medical devices or implants
Depending on your reaction threshold, you might not have to do everything on this list before your symptoms improve, and you might not have to go to extremes in any one category. Consult your doctor if you need help deciding which category should take priority for you.
Water
Water is important to our built-in detoxification systems, but it is also a potential source of nickel exposure. Whether your water comes from a municipal source or a well, it would be wise to get a hold of any available testing data. City water testing is often available online.
Your plumbing may contain nickel, especially in older homes. It’s a good idea to allow your water to run for a few minutes every morning to flush out any stagnant water that may have collected nickel overnight.
If you have concerns about the nickel content of your water supply or your pipes and faucets, you might want to consider drinking bottled water that has been nickel-tested or investing in a water filtration system. Bottled water manufacturers sometimes release their test results online, or you may need to contact them directly.
Darsow, U. et al., 2012. Influence of dietary factors, age and nickel contact dermatitis on nickel excretion. Contact Dermatitis, 67(6), pp.351-358.
Abstract
Antico, A. and Soana, R., 2015. Nickel sensitization and dietary nickel are a substantial cause of symptoms provocation in patients with chronic allergic-like dermatitis syndromes. Allergy & Rhinology, 6(1), p.e56.
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Sharma, A.D., 2013. Low nickel diet in dermatology. Indian Journal of Dermatology, 58(3), p.240.
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Bergman, D. et al., 2016. Low nickel diet: A patient-centered review. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dermatology Research, 7(355), p.2.
Full text
Mislankar, M. and Zirwas, M.J., 2013. Low-nickel diet scoring system for systemic nickel allergy. Dermatitis, 24(4), pp.190-195.
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Lampel, H.P. and Silvestri, D.L., 2014. Systemic contact dermatitis: current challenges and emerging treatments. Current Treatment Options in Allergy, 1(4), pp.348-357.
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When you read a water quality report, pay attention to the detection limit or reporting limit. When the amount of nickel is reported to be "none detected", what they really mean is "it's something less than this limit".
For example, in the 2020 Nestle Pure Life Water Analysis Report the Minimum Reporting Limit (MRL) was 0.01 mg/L, and the amount of nickel was "ND" or "Not detected at or above the MRL". Based on this, the amount of nickel in a 500 mL serving could be anything from 0 to 5 μg.
Since the primary concern in water quality testing is toxicity, the detection limit is sometimes not a very useful value and you'll need to get your water tested privately. When you do, be sure to ask them about their detection limits also.
Studies have shown that we absorb significantly more nickel when it is taken in water on an empty stomach, as compared to taking it after scrambled eggs, and that other beverages interfere with our uptake of nickel, such as milk, juice, coffee and tea. Therefore it may be helpful to take a little food with your water, or drink it along with another beverage.
Nielsen, G.D. et al., 1999. Absorption and retention of nickel from drinking water in relation to food intake and nickel sensitivity. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 154(1), pp.67-75.
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Sunderman Jr., F.W. et al., 1989. Nickel absorption and kinetics in human volunteers. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 191(1), pp.5-11.
Abstract
Solomons, N.W. et al., 1982. Bioavailability of nickel in man: Effects of foods and chemically-defined dietary constituents on the absorption of inorganic nickel. The Journal of Nutrition, 112(1), pp.39-50. Full text
Older hot water tanks may be a problem if their sacrificial anode has corroded away. The sacrifical anode is a piece of metal that is designed to corrode before any other metal in the tank. When it is gone, other nickel-containing parts of the tank may corrode into the water, increasing its nickel content. A service provider can replace the sacrificial anode. Tankless heaters may be a nickel risk if the pipes in which the water is heated are made of a nickel-containing alloy. Contact the manufacturers to learn more.
Kitchenware
The equipment you use in your kitchen can introduce nickel into your food that otherwise wouldn’t be there, including pots and pans, bakeware, cutlery, and food preparation equipment. Acidity, heat and exposure time contribute to the amount of nickel that leaches out during cooking, among other factors.
Many low nickel diets recommend avoiding stainless steel kitchenware entirely.
Stainless steel pans with nickel in the alloy can introduce substantial amounts of nickel into food, ranging anywhere from 0 to 40 μg per 100g of food, depending on the properties of the pan and the food.
They can release significantly more nickel into food when they are new, the amount settling down after about 5 uses.
However, there are grades of stainless steel that only contain small amounts of nickel.
Flatware composition is described by a system of two numbers, where the first is the percent chrome and the second is the percent nickel: 18/0, 18/8, and 18/10. The 18/0 stainless steel contains no nickel (intentionally). This system is also used for some pots and pans.
In the SAE grading system, low nickel stainless steel grades that are used in kitchenware include 430, 436 and 440.
Kamerud, K.L., Hobbie, K.A. and Anderson, K.A., 2013. Stainless steel leaches nickel and chromium into foods during cooking. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 61(39), pp.9495-9501.
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Flint, G.N. and Packirisamy, S., 1995. Systemic nickel: The contribution made by stainless-steel cooking utensils. Contact Dermatitis, 32(4), pp.218-224.
Abstract
Guarneri, F. et al., 2017. Release of nickel and chromium in common foods during cooking in 18/10 (grade 316) stainless steel pots. Contact Dermatitis, 76(1), pp.40-48.
Abstract
Kamerud, K.L., Hobbie, K.A. and Anderson, K.A., 2013. Stainless steel leaches nickel and chromium into foods during cooking. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 61(39), pp.9495-9501.
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Kuligowski, J. and Halperin, K.M., 1992. Stainless steel cookware as a significant source of nickel, chromium, and iron. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 23(2), pp.211-215.
Abstract
Hedberg, Y.S. and Odnevall Wallinder, I., 2016. Metal release from stainless steel in biological environments: A review. Biointerphases, 11(1), p.018901.
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Mislankar, M. and Zirwas, M.J., 2013. Low-nickel diet scoring system for systemic nickel allergy. Dermatitis, 24(4), pp.190-195.
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Silverberg, N.B. et al., 2020. Nickel allergic contact dermatitis: Identification, treatment, and prevention. Pediatrics, 145(5).
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Sharma, A.D., 2013. Low nickel diet in dermatology. Indian Journal of Dermatology, 58(3), p.240.
Full text
Antico, A. and Soana, R., 2015. Nickel sensitization and dietary nickel are a substantial cause of symptoms provocation in patients with chronic allergic-like dermatitis syndromes. Allergy & Rhinology, 6(1), p.e56.
Full text
Lampel, H.P. and Silvestri, D.L., 2014. Systemic contact dermatitis: current challenges and emerging treatments. Current Treatment Options in Allergy, 1(4), pp.348-357.
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For pots and pans, aluminum, copper, coated, and cast iron have been recommended. However, studies have been contradictory.
Pans labelled as "Aluminum" have tested well and badly.
Cast iron and carbon steel have tested well, but even they can have up to 5% nickel added.
Pans with a coating on them might still leach nickel.
If the composition of a pan is not specified to be one of the low nickel options above, contact the manufacturer to find out if nickel is part of its formula.
Pyrex (clear glass) bakeware has been suggested in online communities as a safe option. Parchment paper and silicone liners are a great way to reuse your existing metal bakeware.
For cutlery, look for 18/0 stainless steel, or switch to plastic cutlery. Non-metal chopsticks are also a good option.
Kitchen knives are made of a wider variety of alloys than cutlery, so you can contact the manufacturers to find out what they use. Ceramic kitchen knives, peelers and other tools are available.
When food preparation tools are not being used on hot or acidic foods for much time, their nickel release should in theory be small.
Kuligowski, J. and Halperin, K.M., 1992. Stainless steel cookware as a significant source of nickel, chromium, and iron. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 23(2), pp.211-215.
Abstract
Kuligowski, J. and Halperin, K.M., 1992. Stainless steel cookware as a significant source of nickel, chromium, and iron. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 23(2), pp.211-215.
Abstract
Papuc, C. et al., 2017. The influence of cookware on the concentration of trace metals and lipid peroxidation in pork muscle. Revista de Chimie, 68(7), pp.1476-1480.
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Papuc, C. et al., 2017. The influence of cookware on the concentration of trace metals and lipid peroxidation in pork muscle. Revista de Chimie, 68(7), pp.1476-1480.
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Lomolino, G., Crapisi, A. and Cagnin, M., 2016. Study of elements concentrations of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fillets after cooking on steel, cast iron, teflon, aluminum and ceramic pots. International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science, 5, pp.1-9.
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Kuligowski, J. and Halperin, K.M., 1992. Stainless steel cookware as a significant source of nickel, chromium, and iron. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 23(2), pp.211-215.
Abstract
Lomolino, G., Crapisi, A. and Cagnin, M., 2016. Study of elements concentrations of European seabass (Dicentrarchus labrax) fillets after cooking on steel, cast iron, teflon, aluminum and ceramic pots. International Journal of Gastronomy and Food Science, 5, pp.1-9.
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Coffee and Tea Equipment
Studies about the amount of nickel that comes from coffee makers and kettles have been contradictory. In one study kettles were found to release more nickel than coffee makers, and in another the opposite trend was found, with coffee makers releasing far more nickel than kettles (particularly espresso machines with a portafilter).
Practically speaking, it’s difficult to know what metals a kettle or coffee maker contains. Non-metal alternatives include: boiling water in a Pyrex measuring cup in a microwave or a glass stove-top kettle; using an AeroPress or a ceramic pour-over coffee maker; and steeping tea in a Bodum Tea for One.
Müller, F.D. et al., 2015. Metal release from coffee machines and electric kettles. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 32(11), pp.1959-1964.
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Berg, T. et al., 2000. The release of nickel and other trace elements from electric kettles and coffee machines. Food Additives & Contaminants, 17(3), pp.189-196.
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If you have no alternative to a metal-element kettle or coffee maker, use fresh water every time you use it. When you decalcify your coffee maker or kettle, run it through several times before drinking because the decalcification temporarily increases the amount of metal that leaches out.
Stainless steel mugs are not a good idea for those with SNAS. Acidic fruit juice in a stainless steel cup can add over 1000 micrograms to the drink in a day. While less so than juice, coffee and tea are still acidic. Since acidity, heat and time are a recipe for corrosion, using steel mugs with hot drinks has the potential to add a lot of nickel.
Bassioni, G., Korin, A. and Salama, A.E.D., 2015. Stainless steel as a source of potential hazard due to metal leaching into beverages. International Journal of Electrochemical Science, 10, pp.3792-3802.
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Medications and Supplements
Medications and supplements all contain nickel in varying amounts.
In the majority of cases nickel is not included intentionally, but is a contaminant that is picked up during the manufacturing process.
The international agreement that sets the upper limit for nickel in pharmaceuticals, ICH Q3D, doesn't account for nickel allergy; it is concerned with nickel toxicity and limits oral nickel to 220 μg per daily dose. Few supplement manufacturers test their products for nickel content at all.
Do not stop taking any prescribed medications or supplements without medical supervision. If you suspect that you are reacting to a medication, talk to your doctor about alternative medications or having your medicine made at a compounding pharmacy without the worrisome fillers, and ask them to report an adverse event to the relevant authorities. (In Canada this is Health Canada and in the US it is the FDA.)
In pharmaceutical medications, the fillers (excipients) that have been found to have higher amounts of nickel in them include iron-based excipients (e.g. ferric oxide, ferrous oxide, carbonyl iron), dibasic calcium phosphate, ethylcellulose and talc.
One paper shows a worst-case scenario for nickel in a hypothetical drug at 25 μg, however in studies of real pharmaceuticals, 84% to 100% were low, with less than 1 μg/g nickel.
Boetzel, R. et al., 2018. An elemental impurities excipient database: A viable tool for ICH Q3D drug product risk assessment. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 107(9), pp.2335-2340.
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Li, G. et al., 2015. Elemental impurities in pharmaceutical excipients. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 104(12), pp.4197-4206.
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Boetzel, R. et al., 2018. An elemental impurities excipient database: A viable tool for ICH Q3D drug product risk assessment. Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 107(9), pp.2335-2340.
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Wollein, U. et al., 2015. Potential metal impurities in active pharmaceutical substances and finished medicinal products–A market surveillance study. European Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, 77, pp.100-105. Abstract
van der Voet, G.B. et al., 2008. Clinical and analytical toxicology of dietary supplements: A case study and a review of the literature. Biological Trace Element Research, 125(1), pp.1-12. Full text
Because there are so many brands and combinations of ingredients in vitamins and herbal products, it isn't possible to guess how much nickel is in a supplement.
In what little science that exists, the only thing we can be sure of is that we can't be sure of them.
While some brands of injectable B12 and vitamin E were found to have negligible levels of nickel per dose (less than 0.06 μg/g),
iron supplements appear to be highly contaminated just like iron in pharmaceuticals.
Various prenatal vitamins have been found to have anywhere from 0.08 to 34 μg of nickel, averaging 5 μg/day.
In two studies of nickel in plant-based supplements, the nickel content ranged from undetectable to over 15 μg; in these studies 19% and 67% had less than 1 μg/g nickel.
Statistically, supplements have been shown to increase urinary nickel levels
and most low nickel diets recommend stopping all supplements with the notable exception of vitamin C.
When you decide to add a supplement, do it one at a time so that you can tell what effect it's having, positive or negative. Choose brands that have the least fillers in them to reduce the risk of increasing your nickel intake.
Adolfo, F.R. et al., 2016. Simultaneous determination of cobalt and nickel in vitamin B12 samples using high-resolution continuum source atomic absorption spectrometry. Talanta, 147, pp.241-245.
Abstract
Ponce de León, C.A., Bayón, M.M. and Caruso, J.A., 2002. Trace element determination in vitamin E using ICP-MS. Analytical and Bioanalytical Chemistry, 374(2), pp.230-234.
Abstract
Cardoso, P. et al., 2017. Determination of nickel and manganese contaminants in pharmaceutical iron supplements using energy dispersive x-ray fluorescence. Applied Spectroscopy, 71(3), pp.432-437.
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Schwalfenberg, G., Rodushkin, I. and Genuis, S.J., 2018. Heavy metal contamination of prenatal vitamins. Toxicology Reports, 5, pp.390-395.
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Avula, B. et al., 2010. Quantitative determination of multiple elements in botanicals and dietary supplements using ICP-MS. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 58(16), pp.8887-8894.
Abstract
van der Voet, G.B. et al., 2008. Clinical and analytical toxicology of dietary supplements: A case study and a review of the literature. Biological Trace Element Research, 125(1), pp.1-12.
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Darsow, U. et al., 2012. Influence of dietary factors, age and nickel contact dermatitis on nickel excretion. Contact Dermatitis, 67(6), pp.351-358.
Abstract
Mislankar, M. and Zirwas, M.J., 2013. Low-nickel diet scoring system for systemic nickel allergy. Dermatitis, 24(4), pp.190-195.
Full text
Zirwas, M.J. and Molenda, M.A., 2009. Dietary nickel as a cause of systemic contact dermatitis. The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, 2(6), p.39.
Full text
Sharma, A.D., 2013. Low nickel diet in dermatology. Indian Journal of Dermatology, 58(3), p.240.
Full text
Braga, M. et al., 2013. Systemic nickel allergy syndrome: Nosologic framework and usefulness of diet regimen for diagnosis. International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology, 26(3), pp.707-716.
Full text
Antico, A. and Soana, R., 2015. Nickel sensitization and dietary nickel are a substantial cause of symptoms provocation in patients with chronic allergic-like dermatitis syndromes. Allergy & Rhinology, 6(1), p.e56.
Full text
Vitamin C
Vitamin C, also known as ascorbic acid, is recommended as part of a low nickel diet, taken with every meal so that it can mix with the food. It has been proven to interfere with the absorption of nickel into the
bloodstream.
It often comes in a 500 mg dose, which is still below the tolerable upper limit for teens and adults at 3 doses per day. For children’s dosages, consult your child’s doctor.
Mislankar, M. and Zirwas, M.J., 2013. Low-nickel diet scoring system for systemic nickel allergy. Dermatitis, 24(4), pp.190-195.
Full text
Zirwas, M.J. and Molenda, M.A., 2009. Dietary nickel as a cause of systemic contact dermatitis. The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, 2(6), p.39.
Full text
Sharma, A.D., 2013. Low nickel diet in dermatology. Indian Journal of Dermatology, 58(3), p.240.
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Linus Pauling Institute Micronutrient Information Center, 2018.
Vitamin C (Accessed: 12 June 2021).
Look for a vitamin C supplement with the fewest filler ingredients. If ascorbic acid disagrees with you, consider a mineral ascorbate form such as calcium ascorbate or magnesium ascorbate. If you have tooth sensitivity, you might want to avoid powdered vitamin C. If you have a history of kidney stones, consult your doctor. Check with your doctor or pharmacist for potential interactions with medications, and be aware that high doses of vitamin C can interfere with urine dipstick tests.
Unic, A. et al., 2018. Ascorbic acid — A black hole of urine chemistry screening. Journal of Clinical Laboratory Analysis, 32(5), p.e22390.
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Iron
Iron deficiency or an iron-deficient diet may result in increased uptake of nickel.
The theory is that the molecule that transfers metals across the intestinal wall, divalent metal transporter (DMT), prefers iron over all other metals including nickel. If you're iron deficient, your body produces more DMT in its desperation to get more iron, and in so doing transfers more nickel and other metals into your bloodstream. It's important for this reason (among others) to get tested regularly for iron deficiency and take a supplement if one is prescribed by your doctor.
It has also been recommended to simply eat a high iron diet.
Keep in mind that the RDA for iron for adolescents and adults is 18 mg/day, and the upper limit is 45 mg/day, from all sources combined. There is a risk of accidental overdose with iron supplements, so talk to your doctor first.
Iron supplements can contain significant amounts of nickel
themselves.
Linus Pauling Institute Micronutrient Information Center, 2016.
Iron (Accessed: 12 June 2021).
Sharma, A.D., 2011. Iron therapy in hand eczema: A new approach for management. Indian Journal of Dermatology, 56(3), p.295.
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Sharma, A.D., 2013. Low nickel diet in dermatology. Indian Journal of Dermatology, 58(3), p.240.
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Zirwas, M.J. and Molenda, M.A., 2009. Dietary nickel as a cause of systemic contact dermatitis. The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, 2(6), p.39.
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Zirwas, M.J. and Molenda, M.A., 2009. Dietary nickel as a cause of systemic contact dermatitis. The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, 2(6), p.39.
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Probiotics
Probiotics have been shown to be beneficial for the healing of the gut and skin. L. reuteri DSM 17938, sold under the brand name Biogaia, was helpful in the treatment of SNAS,
and a combination of L. reuteri DSM 122460 and L. rhamnosus 19070-2 improved atopic dermatitis in another study.
In another study using a broader spectrum of probiotics tailored to the type of dysbiosis, the probiotics increased the rate of successfully fixing the dysbiosis from 41% to 73% compared to a low nickel diet alone.
Randazzo, C.L. et al., 2015. Probiotic supplementation in systemic nickel allergy syndrome patients: Study of its effects on lactic acid bacteria population and on clinical symptoms. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 118(1), pp.202-211.
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Ricciardi, L. et al., 2010. PA27 Clinical evidence of enteric flora changes in systemic allergy to nickel (SNAS): A randomized double-blind placebo-controlled study. Digestive and Liver Disease, 42, p.S352. Full text
Rosenfeldt, V. et al., 2003. Effect of probiotic Lactobacillus strains in children with atopic dermatitis. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 111(2), pp.389-395.
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Lombardi, F. et al., 2020. The effects of low-nickel diet combined with oral administration of selected probiotics on patients with Systemic Nickel Allergy Syndrome (SNAS) and gut dysbiosis. Nutrients, 12(4), p.1040.
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Vitamin A
Although not recommended in any low nickel diet research, vitamin A has been shown to be helpful in decreasing intestinal permeability (and thereby treating IBS), and in one study, vitamin A supplementation was shown to lower blood levels of nickel. However, vitamin A toxicity can cause liver damage, so care should be taken not to exceed the tolerable upper limit: for adults, the tolerable upper limit is 10000 IU/day of preformed vitamin A (retinol) from all sources. The beta-carotene found in most food is converted into vitamin A in the body only as needed; foods with preformed vitamin A include liver and other organ meats, cod liver oil, eggs, dairy, and some fortified cereals.
Linus Pauling Institute Micronutrient Information Center, 2015.
Vitamin A (Accessed: 12 June 2021).
Patlar, S. et al., 2011. The effect of vitamin A supplementation on various elements in elite taekwondo players. Biological Trace Element Research, 139(3), pp.296-300.
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Bischoff, S.C. et al., 2014. Intestinal permeability–a new target for disease prevention and therapy. BMC gastroenterology, 14(1), pp.1-25. Full text
Skin Contact
Nickel is ubiquitous, meaning it is found everywhere. It's important to understand that the term "nickel-free" has no legal or scientific definition despite its widespread use. A product marketed as "nickel-free" doesn't even have to be low nickel, let alone free of nickel.
The widely-used terms "surgical stainless steel" and "medical grade stainless steel" have no formal definition and are used to describe any grade of stainless steel that is corrosion resistant in wet environments; it does not mean the product is hypoallergenic or even meets the standards that have been developed for surgical applications (e.g., ISO 5832−1 and ASTM F138−19). Even the products that follow these specifications can contain as much as 15% nickel.
However, with skin contact the important thing isn't as much nickel content as it is how much nickel is released from the item.
On skin, the amount of nickel released is influenced by many things, including: whether the site gets wet or sweaty; the quality of the sweat; the duration and frequency of exposure time; how new the metal is; and friction.
Ahlström, M.G. et al., 2019. Nickel allergy and allergic contact dermatitis: A clinical review of immunology, epidemiology, exposure and treatment. Contact Dermatitis, 1-15.
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Silverberg, N.B. et al., 2020. Nickel Allergic Contact Dermatitis: Identification, Treatment, and Prevention. Pediatrics, 145(5).
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Yang, K. and Ren, Y., 2010. Nickel-free austenitic stainless steels for medical applications. Science and Technology of Advanced Materials, 11(1), 014105.
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Silverberg, N.B. et al., 2020. Nickel Allergic Contact Dermatitis: Identification, Treatment, and Prevention. Pediatrics, 145(5).
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Buxton, S. et al., 2019. Concise review of nickel human health toxicology and ecotoxicology. Inorganics, 7(7), p.89.
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Erfani, B., Lidén, C. and Midander, K., 2015. Short and frequent skin contact with nickel. Contact Dermatitis, 73(4), pp.222-230.
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Nixon, R.L. et al., 2018. Does clinical testing support the current guidance definition of prolonged contact for nickel allergy? Contact Dermatitis, 79(6), pp.356-364.
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Haudrechy, P. et al., 1997. Nickel release from stainless steels. Contact Dermatitis, 37(3), pp.113-117.
Abstract
Buxton, S. et al., 2019. Concise review of nickel human health toxicology and ecotoxicology. Inorganics, 7(7), p.89.
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So, how much nickel release does it take to make an allergic person have a reaction to skin contact? This varies a lot, but the European Union settled on 0.5 μg/cm2/week (and lower for earring posts) in its 1993
Nickel Directive, legislation intended to reduce the rate of nickel sensitization. This has been shown to be roughly equivalent to 10 parts per million (ppm).
Most people with ACD have a higher threshold, between 10 and 100 ppm.
The most sensitive people can react to contact with even lower amounts of nickel, as low as 1 ppm, particularly if the skin barrier is damaged or at the site of previous dermatitis.
It has been suggested that people with SNAS may be more sensitive than the rest of the nickel-allergic population.
Allenby, C.F. and Basketter, D.A., 1993. An arm immersion model of compromised skin: (II). Influence on minimal eliciting patch test concentrations of nickel. Contact Dermatitis, 28(3), pp.129-133.
Abstract
Ahlström, M.G. et al., 2018. Short contact with nickel causes allergic contact dermatitis: An experimental study. British Journal of Dermatology, 179(5), pp.1127-1134.
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Basketter, D.A. et al., 2003. Nickel, chromium and cobalt in consumer products: Revisiting safe levels in the new millennium. Contact Dermatitis, 49(1), pp.1-7.
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Buxton, S. et al., 2019. Concise review of nickel human health toxicology and ecotoxicology. Inorganics, 7(7), p.89.
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When your allergy is systemic, even if you're not concerned with rashes or eczema you can still reduce your total nickel exposure by reducing skin contact. Although the actual amount of nickel that it contributes hasn't been determined, research has shown that nickel can penetrate your skin and reach your bloodstream.
Consider these common exposure sources:
Filon, F.L., 2018. Penetration of Metals Through the Skin Barrier. In Metal Allergy (pp. 67-74). Springer, Cham.
Abstract
Midander, K., Schenk, L. and Julander, A., 2020. A novel approach to monitor skin permeation of metals in vitro. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 115, p.104693.
Abstract
Ahlström, M.G. et al., 2019. Nickel allergy and allergic contact dermatitis: A clinical review of immunology, epidemiology, exposure and treatment. Contact Dermatitis, 1-15.
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Ringborg, E., Lidén, C. and Julander, A., 2016. Nickel on the market: a baseline survey of articles in ‘prolonged contact’ with skin. Contact Dermatitis, 75(2), pp.77-81.
Abstract
Chen, J.K. and Thyssen, J.P. eds., 2018. Metal Allergy: From Dermatitis to Implant and Device Failure. Springer.
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Ouremi, O.I. and Ayodele, O.E., 2014. Lipsticks and nail polishes: Potential sources of heavy metal in human body. International Journal of Pharmaceutical Research and Allied Sciences, 3(4), p.45.
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Karimi, G. and Ziarati, P., 2015. Heavy metal contamination of popular nail polishes in Iran. Iranian Journal of Toxicology, 9(29), pp.1290-1295.
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U.S. Food and Drug Administration, 2020. FDA's Testing of Cosmetics for Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Cobalt, Lead, Mercury, and Nickel Content (Accessed: 12 June 2021).
Garçon, M. et al., 2017. Nitrile, latex, neoprene and vinyl gloves: A primary source of contamination for trace element and Zn isotopic analyses in geological and biological samples. Geostandards and Geoanalytical Research, 41(3), pp.367-380.
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Jewelry such as earrings, hair clasps, finger rings, necklaces, and bracelets.
Clothing and accessories including buttons, zippers, belt buckles, bra hooks, bags, and umbrellas.
Coins and keys.
Tools such as scissors, files, pliers, saws, hammers, and wrenches.
Electronic devices like laptops, mice, phones, and watches.
Eyeglass frames.
Musical instruments such as flutes and guitar strings.
Household surfaces such as doorknobs, faucets, appliances, and railings.
Cosmetics, razors, and personal care tools.
Hobbies, including paintbrushes, thimbles, sewing needles, knitting and crochet needles.
Office supplies such as pens, staples, chalk, ink, and paper clips.
Gloves — yes, even the gloves that are meant to protect your hands can contain small amounts of nickel.
You can use a dimethylglyoxime (DMG) test to test the exposed metals around you. When this liquid is rubbed on a surface that releases more than 10 ppm nickel, it turns pink.
The test isn't perfect, though. If the test is positive you can be 98% sure that it is releasing more than 10 ppm nickel.
But if the test is negative it's not very reliable; there's a 40% chance that the test was wrong. Keep this in mind for metallic objects that are routinely in contact with your skin.
Thyssen, J.P. et al., 2010. Sensitivity and specificity of the nickel spot (dimethylglyoxime) test. Contact Dermatitis, 62(5), pp.279-288.
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Stainless steels, while more corrosion resistant than other alloys, have been found to release nickel in amounts anywhere from 0.02 to 10 ug/cm2/week in sweaty conditions.
While there is no direct relationship between the composition of a stainless steel and its release rate,
grade "316L" has been shown to release less nickel under sweaty conditions.
However, the composition of 316L stainless steel is only approximately defined. There are several varieties of stainless steel that may be labelled as 316L, and testing has shown that they corrode differently depending on the conditions, sometimes exceeding the EU limit.
Yuan, J.P. et al., 2015. Nickel release rate of several nickel-containing stainless steels for jewelries. Journal of Iron and Steel Research International, 22(1), pp.72-77.
Abstract
Yuan, J.P. et al., 2015. Nickel release rate of several nickel-containing stainless steels for jewelries. Journal of Iron and Steel Research International, 22(1), pp.72-77.
Abstract
Haudrechy, P. et al., 1994. Nickel release from nickel‐plated metals and stainless steels. Contact Dermatitis, 31(4), pp.249-255.
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Haudrechy, P. et al., 1997. Nickel release from stainless steels. Contact Dermatitis, 37(3), pp.113-117.
Abstract
Reclaru, L. et al., 2008. Anisotropy of nickel release and corrosion in austenitic stainless steels. Acta Biomaterialia, 4(3), pp.680-685.
Abstract
Reclaru, L. et al., 2008. Anisotropy of nickel release and corrosion in austenitic stainless steels. Acta Biomaterialia, 4(3), pp.680-685.
Abstract
Yuan, J.P. et al., 2015. Nickel release rate of several nickel-containing stainless steels for jewelries. Journal of Iron and Steel Research International, 22(1), pp.72-77.
Abstract
Haudrechy, P. et al., 1994. Nickel release from nickel‐plated metals and stainless steels. Contact Dermatitis, 31(4), pp.249-255.
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Erfani, B., Lidén, C. and Midander, K., 2015. Short and frequent skin contact with nickel. Contact Dermatitis, 73(4), pp.222-230.
Abstract
To mitigate exposure risks, you can contact the manufacturer to ask about any product's chemical composition, cover up exposed metals, and join support groups to find suitably low nickel products.
Consider buying your cosmetics and other personal care products from a retailer that lists the nickel content of products that have been tested, such as Ecco-Verde. Consider cotton glove liners if you have hand dermatitis.
Airborne Exposures
Air pollution,dust,
and pollen also contain nickel. Occupational exposures for dental workers and metal workers have been observed, sometimes in high amounts.
How much these types of airborne nickel contribute to SNAS hasn't been established, but it's something to keep in mind.
Kasper-Sonnenberg, M. et al., 2011. Prevalence of nickel sensitization and urinary nickel content of children are increased by nickel in ambient air. Environmental research, 111(2), pp.266-273.
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Mann, E. et al., 2010. Does airborne nickel exposure induce nickel sensitization? Contact Dermatitis, 62(6), pp.355-362.
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WHO Air Quality Guidelines for Europe, 2nd edition, 2000. Chapter 6.10 Nickel. Full text
Fleischer, H. et al., 2021. Allergens and heavy metals in indoor dust. Measurement, 97(83.40), pp.56-78.
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Aldgini, H.M. et al., 2019. Determination of metals as bio indicators in some selected bee pollen samples from Jordan. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences.
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Pavlova, D. et al., 2016. Pollen morphology and localization of Ni in some Ni-hyperaccumulator taxa of Alyssum L.(Brassicaceae). Plant Biosystems, 150(4), pp.671-681. Full text
Kettelarij, J. et al., 2016. Snapshot of cobalt, chromium and nickel exposure in dental technicians. Contact Dermatitis, 75(6), pp.370-376.
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Kendzia, B. et al., 2017. Modelling of occupational exposure to inhalable nickel compounds. Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology, 27(4), pp.427-433.
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Smoking and Vaping
Nickel is in tobacco, which is expected because it's a plant.
Nickel is found in higher amounts in the blood and urine of smokers, meaning it's getting into your body through your lungs.
More smokers are sensitized to nickel than non-smokers.
In a case study, a woman had full remission of her widespread muscle pain within 2 months of quitting smoking and eliminating oatmeal, licorice and chocolate. Her symptoms returned when she began smoking again.
If you're thinking you can replace it with e-cigarettes or vaping — nickel is found in even higher amounts in e-cigarettes.
Jain, V. et al., 2019. Comprehensive chemical characterization of natural American Spirit cigarettes. Tobacco Regulatory Science, 5(4), pp.381-399.
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Neu, H.M. et al., 2020. Cigalike electronic nicotine delivery systems e-liquids contain variable levels of metals. Scientific Reports, 10(1), pp.1-11. Full text
Goniewicz, M.L. et al., 2014. Levels of selected carcinogens and toxicants in vapour from electronic cigarettes. Tobacco Control, 23(2), pp.133-139. Full text
Williams, M. et al., 2013. Metal and silicate particles including nanoparticles are present in electronic cigarette cartomizer fluid and aerosol. PloS One, 8(3), p.e57987. Full text
Stojanović, D., Nikić, D. and Lazarević, K., 2004. The level of nickel in smoker's blood and urine. Central European Journal of Public Health, 12(4), pp.187-189. Full text
Thyssen, J.P. et al., 2010. Effect of tobacco smoking and alcohol consumption on the prevalence of nickel sensitization and contact sensitization. Acta Dermato-venereologica, 90(1), pp.27-33.
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Regland, B. et al., 2001. Nickel allergy is found in a majority of women with chronic fatigue syndrome and muscle pain — and may be triggered by cigarette smoke and dietary nickel intake. Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, 8(1), pp.57-65. Full text
Tattoos
Nickel is found in tattoo inks of all colours, not as a primary ingredient but as a contaminant.
Inks containing titanium dioxide (bright colours) abrade the needles, leaving pieces of them embedded in the skin.
Local reactions can appear years after the tattoo was done,
sometimes triggered by other exposures like medical implants
or the addition of more tattoos.
It's unknown how much tattoos contribute to SNAS. A new tattoo is an unnecessary risk if it is not medically required.
If you have a tattoo that you want to remove, be aware that laser removal may result in a systemic allergic reaction.
Battistini, B. et al., 2020. Quantitative analysis of metals and metal-based nano-and submicron-particles in tattoo inks. Chemosphere, 245, p.125667.
Abstract
Jacobsen, E. et al., Eds., 2012. Chemical substances in tattoo ink. Survey of Chemical Substances in Consumer Products no. 116, Miljøstyrelsen. Full text
Schreiver, I. et al., 2019. Distribution of nickel and chromium containing particles from tattoo needle wear in humans and its possible impact on allergic reactions. Particle and Fibre Toxicology, 16(1), pp.1-10. Full text
Laux, P. et al., 2016. A medical-toxicological view of tattooing. The Lancet, 387(10016), pp.395-402. Full text
Cobb, H.K. et al., 2017. Systemic contact dermatitis to a surgical implant presenting as red decorative tattoo reaction. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology Case Reports, 3(4), p.348. Full text
Zemtsov, A. and Wilson, L., 1997. CO2 laser treatment causes local tattoo allergic reaction to become generalized. Acta Dermato-venereologica, 77(6), p.497. Full text
Kullberg, S.A., Gupta, R. and Warshaw, E.M., 2020. Navigating Tattoo-Related Allergic Dermatitis: Beyond Pigments. Dermatitis, 31(6), pp.e59-e60. Full text
Dental Exposures
Nickel is a common element in dental alloys, and is always present in trace amounts, even when they are labelled "nickel-free". Likewise, "pure titanium" has been found to contain as much as 13 ppm nickel, and titanium alloys up to 31 ppm nickel.
Although dental amalgam is not intended to contain nickel, it has been measured to contain 8 to 9 ppm.
Even zirconia dental implants have been found to contain up to 11 ppm nickel.
Harloff, T. et al. 2010. Titanium allergy or not? "Impurity" of titanium implant materials. Health, 2(04), p.306.
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Ortiz, A.J. et al., 2011. Metallic ions released from stainless steel, nickel-free, and titanium orthodontic alloys: toxicity and DNA damage. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 140(3), pp.e115-e122.
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Gross, C. et al., 2020. Elemental analysis of commercial zirconia dental implants - Is “metal-free” devoid of metals? Journal of the Mechanical Behavior of Biomedical Materials, 107, p.103759.
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Pigatto, P.D. et al., 2014. Systemic allergic contact dermatitis associated with allergy to intraoral metals. Dermatology Online Journal, 20(10).
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Dental metals are a continuous oral source of nickel through galvanic corrosion, where the metals interact with each other through saliva that is constantly refreshing itself. The interaction is stronger when metals with different properties coexist, as can easily happen over a lifetime of dental repairs.
There are cases where removal of the dental metals has resolved or improved SNAS symptoms.
Nogi, N., 1989. Electric current around dental metals as a factor producing allergenic metal ions in the oral cavity. Nihon Hifuka Gakkai Zasshi. The Japanese Journal of Dermatology, 99(12), pp.1243-1254.
Abstract
Anusavice, K.J. and Brantley, W.A., 2012. Physical Properties of Dental Materials, Chapter 3, In: Phillips' Science of Dental Materials. Elsevier Health Sciences.
Ciszewski, A., Baraniak, M. and Urbanek-Brychczyńska, M., 2007. Corrosion by galvanic coupling between amalgam and different chromium-based alloys. Dental Materials, 23(10), pp.1256-1261.
Abstract
Taher, N.M. and Al Jabab, A.S., 2003. Galvanic corrosion behavior of implant suprastructure dental alloys. Dental Materials, 19(1), pp.54-59.
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Lee, J. et al., 2015. Evaluation of effect of galvanic corrosion between nickel-chromium metal and titanium on ion release and cell toxicity. The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics 7(2), pp.172-177.
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Fovet, Y., Pourreyron, L. and Gal, J.Y., 2000. Corrosion by galvanic coupling between carbon fiber posts and different alloys. Dental Materials, 16(5), pp.364-373.
Abstract
Muris, J. and Feilzer, A.J., 2006. Micro analysis of metals in dental restorations as part of a diagnostic approach in metal allergies. Neuroendocrinology Letters, 27(1), pp.49-52.
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Pigatto, P.D. et al., 2014. Systemic allergic contact dermatitis associated with allergy to intraoral metals. Dermatology Online Journal, 20(10).
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Stejskal, V., 2014. Metals as a common trigger of inflammation resulting in non-specific symptoms: Diagnosis and treatment. The Israel Medical Association Journal, 16(12), pp.753-758.
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To illustrate how much nickel can come from dental metals, consider a study that measured nickel in the saliva of patients with titanium-based implants. The implants contributed an extra 19 to 20 μg of nickel per litre of saliva, on average. In another study of fixed orthodontics the contribution was found to be less, averaging
6.6 μg/L. Using the lower estimate, along with other research that found a median salivary flow rate of 0.69 L/day (ranging widely from 0.14 to 2.88 L/day), the contribution to oral nickel could be as little as 1 μg/day or as much as 19 μg/day. The contribution can therefore be significant in some, but not all, cases.
Amini, F. et al., 2011. Metal ion release from fixed orthodontic appliances — An in vivo study. The European Journal of Orthodontics, 34(1), pp.126-130.
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Papi, P. et al., 2020. Salivary levels of titanium, nickel, vanadium, and arsenic in patients treated with dental implants: A case-control study. Journal of Clinical Medicine, 9(5), p.1264.
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FenolI-Palomares, C. et al., 2004. Unstimulated salivary flow rate, pH and buffer capacity of saliva in healthy volunteers. Revista Espanola de Enfermedades Digestivas, 96(11), pp.773-783.
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One study concluded that the nickel exposure from Ni–Cr dental alloys might be at the same level as dietary intake or even higher. However, the same study found that things can change over time; in people with nickel-containing crowns, their average urinary nickel decreased to approximately the same level as the control group's after about 1 month. (This is interesting since stainless steel cookware and implants do the same thing.)
Chen, B. et al., 2013. Urinary levels of nickel and chromium associated with dental restoration by nickel–chromium based alloys. International Journal of Oral Science, 5(1), pp.44-48.
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Discuss the risks and benefits of removal and replacement with your dental professionals. If it's too risky to remove your dental metals, there may still be some things you can do. If you can replace some of the restorations, it could reduce the chemical interactions; try to only keep metals with similar properties. Fluoride mouthwash causes more nickel to be released from metals. If you're getting something new, ask your dentist for the detailed composition of the materials they're recommending.
Chitra, P., Prashantha, G.S. and Rao, A., 2019. Long-term evaluation of metal ion release in orthodontic patients using fluoridated oral hygiene agents: An in vivo study. Journal of the World Federation of Orthodontists, 8(3), pp.107-111.
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Medical Exposures
Medical implants are often made of metal for their strength, but there is increasing evidence of allergies to them.
In 2019 the US Food and Drug Administration released a comprehensive review of metals used in biological environments.
A fundamental challenge, they conclude, "is that the mechanisms underlying the biological responses to metal implants are not fully understood."
Adverse reactions are complex, and corrosion in real-world biological environments needs research.
Importantly, they note that allergies are not the only factor in implant failures and systemic symptoms.
Their review of knee and hip replacement revisions shows that not everyone who is allergic to nickel reacts to the nickel in their implant, and replacement of the implant with a non-metal alternative doesn't always resolve the pain.
So, if you have a metal implant it is important to keep in mind that every case is unique; even if you have a nickel allergy, it doesn’t necessarily mean that your implant is the root cause of your symptoms. But it's certainly something to discuss with your medical team.
US Food and Drug Administration, 2019. Biological responses to metal implants.
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While the results for knee and hip revisions are mixed, case studies abound of patients with a confirmed allergy whose symptoms completely resolved after removal of an allergenic medical device:
Hypodermic needles
Eyelet in an IV catheter
Plates and screws for bone repair
Embolization coils and plugs, vascular clips, and endovascular stents
Surgical clips and biliary stents
Spinal cord stimulators
Atrial septal devices and patent ovale foramen occluders
Mehta, V., Vasanth, V. and Balachandran, C., 2011. Nickel contact dermatitis from hypodermic needles. Indian Journal of Dermatology, 56(2), p.237.
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Bircher, A.J. et al., 2009. Systemic allergic dermatitis reaction to nickel released from an eyelet in an intravenous catheter. Contact Dermatitis, 61(3), pp.180-182.
Raison-Peyron et al., 2005. Nickel-elicited systemic contact dermatitis from a peripheral intravenous catheter. Contact Dermatitis, 53(4), pp.222-225.
Abstract
Dmochowski, J.M., Royal, J.T. and Lourie, G.M., 2019. Could a titanium ulnar shortening plate trigger a metal allergy? A case report. Journal of Wrist Surgery, 8(06), pp.503-507.
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Stejskal, V., 2014. Metals as a common trigger of inflammation resulting in non-specific symptoms: Diagnosis and treatment. The Israel Medical Association Journal, 16(12), pp.753-758.
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Stamm, A., Kozlowski, P. and Brandenberger, J., 2017. Surgical solution to an intracorporeal nickel allergy. Reviews in Urology, 19(3), p.195.
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Fahrni, J. et al., 2015. Hypersensitivity to nickel in a patient treated with coil embolization for pelvic congestion syndrome. Journal of Vascular Surgery: Venous and Lymphatic Disorders, 3(3), pp.319-321.
Abstract
Grande, A. et al., 2014. Life-threatening allergic vasculitis after clipping an unruptured aneurysm: Case report, weighing the risk of nickel allergy. Surgical Neurology International, 5(Suppl 4), p.S161.
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Guntani, A. et al., 2020. Metallic allergy requiring removal of iliac stent: Report of a case. Surgical Case Reports, 6(1), pp.1-4.
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Univers, J. et al., 2018. Systemic hypersensitivity reaction to endovascular stainless steel stent. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 67(2), pp.615-617.
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Jetty, P. et al., 2013. Superficial femoral artery nitinol stent in a patient with nickel allergy. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 58(5), pp.1388-1390.
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Shah, R.N. et al., 2021. Surgical clips metal allergy postlaparoscopic cholecystectomy. IJS Global Health, 4(1), p.e48.
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Stejskal, V., 2014. Metals as a common trigger of inflammation resulting in non-specific symptoms: Diagnosis and treatment. The Israel Medical Association Journal, 16(12), pp.753-758.
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Fisher, J.R., Rosenblum, G.A. and Thomson, B.D., 1982. Asthma induced by nickel. Journal of the American Medical Association, 248(9), pp.1065-1066.
Abstract
Esparaz, A.M. and Ahmed, M., 2017. Resolution of metallic biliary stent allergic reaction after partial stent removal in a patient with nickel sensitivity. Cardiovascular and Interventional Radiology, 40(7), pp.1118-1122.
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Woźniak-Dąbrowska, K. et al., 2020. Skin allergic reaction to a spinal cord stimulation (SCS): an analysis of the world literature and a case report. Advances in Dermatology and Allergology, 37(1), p.114.
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Nair, P.S. et al. 2021. Migraine-like headaches associated with nickel allergy requiring removal of atrial septal defect closure device. Indian Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 37(3), pp.299-302.
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Resor, C.D. et al., 2020. Systemic Allergic Contact Dermatitis Due to a GORE CARDIOFORM Septal Occluder Device: A Case Report and Literature Review. Journal of the American College of Cardiology: Case Reports, 2(12), pp.1867-1871.
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Fernandes, P. et al., 2019. Severe migraine associated with nickel allergy requiring surgical removal of atrial septal device. The Annals of Thoracic Surgery, 108(3), e183 - e184.
Abstract
Njei, R. and Konstantinoff, K., 2018. An unusual medical management for nickel allergy in patients with amplatzer occlusive device. Open Journal of Clinical & Medical Case Reports, 4(11).
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Rabkin, D.G. et al., 2009. Unusual presentation of nickel allergy requiring explantation of an Amplatzer atrial septal occluder device. Clinical Cardiology, 32(8), pp.E55-E57.
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Fukahara, K. et al., 2003. Systemic allergic reaction to the percutaneous patent foramen ovale occluder. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 125(1), pp.213-214.
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Dasika, U.K., Kanter, K.R. and Vincent, R., 2003. Nickel allergy to the percutaneous patent foramen ovale occluder and subsequent systemic nickel allergy. The Journal of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, 126(6), p.2112.
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In some of the above cases the allergy was relatively obvious, showing itself as swelling, localized dermatitis, or loosening/failure. In other cases the dermatitis was widespread making it difficult to pinpoint the origin, or there was no dermatitis at all but the implant was persistently painful, or the symptoms were non-specific such as fatigue, widespread pain, or headaches.
Note: If you have any symptoms of nickel toxicity, do not hesitate to ask your doctor for a blood test to determine whether your blood contains elevated levels of nickel. If so, they may recommend medical procedures to reduce the accumulated nickel.
Corrosion in implants is different than on the skin or in dental applications, because the environment is different. Whereas sweat and saliva are relatively simple to simulate for testing, the internal environment is full of other compounds, such as blood, proteins, and inflammatory by-products. The traditional testing with saline or artificial sweat isn't good enough.
Nickel release into blood plasma is approximately doubled as compared with release into artificial sweat.
Inflammation leads to more aggressive corrosion due to the presence of peroxide, an acidic environment, and various salts.
In one study, the nickel released in the initial 24 hours was over 300 times greater in an inflammatory solution compared to a saline solution.
However, like all the other applications, nickel release decreases over time, becoming substantially lower after about a week.
In addition, more nickel is released when the surface of the metal is roughed up, which is more of a consideration for implants where two surfaces rub against one another.
Xu, W. et al., 2018. Accelerated corrosion of 316L stainless steel in simulated body fluids in the presence of H2O2 and albumin. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 92, pp.11-19.
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Ahlström, M.G. et al., 2019. Nickel allergy and allergic contact dermatitis: A clinical review of immunology, epidemiology, exposure and treatment. Contact Dermatitis, 1-15.
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Brooks, E.K., Brooks, R.P. and Ehrensberger, M.T., 2017. Effects of simulated inflammation on the corrosion of 316L stainless steel. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 71, pp.200-205.
Abstract
Xu, W. et al., 2018. Accelerated corrosion of 316L stainless steel in simulated body fluids in the presence of H2O2 and albumin. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 92, pp.11-19.
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Herting, G., Wallinder, I.O. and Leygraf, C., 2007. Metal release from various grades of stainless steel exposed to synthetic body fluids. Corrosion Science, 49(1), pp.103-111.
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Herting, G., Wallinder, I.O. and Leygraf, C., 2008. Metal release rate from AISI 316L stainless steel and pure Fe, Cr and Ni into a synthetic biological medium - a comparison. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 10(9), pp.1092-1098.
Abstract
Brooks, E.K., Brooks, R.P. and Ehrensberger, M.T., 2017. Effects of simulated inflammation on the corrosion of 316L stainless steel. Materials Science and Engineering: C, 71, pp.200-205.
Abstract
Herting, G., Wallinder, I.O. and Leygraf, C., 2007. Metal release from various grades of stainless steel exposed to synthetic body fluids. Corrosion Science, 49(1), pp.103-111.
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Herting, G., Wallinder, I.O. and Leygraf, C., 2008. Metal release rate from AISI 316L stainless steel and pure Fe, Cr and Ni into a synthetic biological medium - a comparison. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 10(9), pp.1092-1098.
Abstract
Herting, G., Wallinder, I.O. and Leygraf, C., 2008. Metal release rate from AISI 316L stainless steel and pure Fe, Cr and Ni into a synthetic biological medium - a comparison. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 10(9), pp.1092-1098.
Abstract
If you have an implant that you suspect, work with your medical team to come up with a plan that minimizes the risk to your health while addressing your concerns. In some cases the risks will outweigh the benefits, making it impractical, or even impossible, to take action on this front. If that's the case for you, a low nickel diet and external avoidance may be enough, in theory, to improve your symptoms by turning down the taps filling your nickel bucket (see the bucket analogy). There are also pharmaceutical approaches that may help.
Univers, J. et al., 2018. Systemic hypersensitivity reaction to endovascular stainless steel stent. Journal of Vascular Surgery, 67(2), pp.615-617.
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Joshi, S.R. and Khan, D.A., 2018. Effective use of dupilumab in managing systemic allergic contact dermatitis. Dermatitis, 29(5), pp.282-284.
Abstract
Njei, R. and Konstantinoff, K., 2018. An unusual medical management for nickel allergy in patients with amplatzer occlusive device. Open Journal of Clinical & Medical Case Reports, 4(11).
Full text
Giampreti, A. et al., 2016. N-acetyl-cysteine as effective and safe chelating agent in metal-on-metal hip-implanted patients: Two cases. Case Reports in Orthopedics, 2016.
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Pigatto, P.D. et al. 1990. Disodium cromoglycate versus diet in the treatment and prevention of nickel-positive pompholyx. Contact Dermatitis, 22(1), pp.27-31.
Abstract
If you and your medical team decide to replace an implant, consider following:
Like the other applications, nickel release is not proportional to the amount of nickel in the alloy.
If you choose to use a different metal, there is a risk of developing an allergy to the new metal.
If multiple metals are used, galvanic corrosion should be minimized by choosing metals that have similar properties.
Yuan, J.P. et al., 2015. Nickel release rate of several nickel-containing stainless steels for jewelries. Journal of Iron and Steel Research International, 22(1), pp.72-77.
Abstract
Herting, G., Wallinder, I.O. and Leygraf, C., 2008. Metal release rate from AISI 316L stainless steel and pure Fe, Cr and Ni into a synthetic biological medium - a comparison. Journal of Environmental Monitoring, 10(9), pp.1092-1098.
Abstract
Frigerio, E. et al., 2011. Metal sensitivity in patients with orthopaedic implants: A prospective study. Contact Dermatitis, 64(5), pp.273-279.
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If you need a new implant and you want to test your reaction pre-implantation, ask your medical team about doing a real-life test with a sample of the implant. A sample could be taped to your arm for a period of time and the skin reaction assessed.
However, this method is not necessarily an accurate prediction of whether an implant reaction
will occur, and although invasive, it may be more predictive to implant the disc under the skin.
Another approach to ask about is called an Oral Mucosa Patch Test (OMPT), where the inside of the lip is the test
area.
Fisher, J.R., Rosenblum, G.A. and Thomson, B.D., 1982. Asthma induced by nickel. Journal of the American Medical Association, 248(9), pp.1065-1066.
Abstract
Picarelli, A. et al., 2011. Oral mucosa patch test: a new tool to recognize and study the adverse effects of dietary nickel exposure. Biological Trace Element Research, 139(2), pp.151-159.
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Gomez-Casado, C. et al., 2021. Oral Mucosa as a Potential Site for Diagnosis and Treatment of Allergic and Autoimmune Diseases. Foods, 10(5), p.970.
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Heitmiller, K. et al., 2015. Patch testing for metal allergy with manufacturer-supplied materials before Nuss bar insertion. Dermatitis, 26(6), pp.271-275.
Abstract
Other Allergies and Sensitivities
If you have other contact allergies, they may also be contributing to your systemic symptoms. Examples of common contact allergens that are also found in food are cobalt, propylene glycol, propolis, linalool, balsam of Peru, compositae, and formaldehyde.
Polysensitization, or having more than one allergy, is common with nickel allergy. Talk to your medical team about patch testing for these substances.
Matiz, C. and Jacob, S.E., 2011. Systemic contact dermatitis in children: How an avoidance diet can make a difference. Pediatric Dermatology, 28(4), pp.368-374.
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Schwitulla, J. et al., 2013. Risk factors of polysensitization to contact allergens. British Journal of Dermatology, 169 (3), pp.611-617.
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Tu, M.E. and Wu, Y.H., 2011. Multiple allergies to metal alloys. Dermatologica Sinica, 29(2), pp.41-43.
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Durosaro, O. and el-Azhary, R.A., 2009. A 10-year retrospective study on palladium sensitivity. Dermatitis, 20(4), pp.208-213.
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Hegewald, J. et al., 2005. A multifactorial analysis of concurrent patch-test reactions to nickel, cobalt, and chromate. Allergy, 60(3), pp.372-378.
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Limone, B.A. and Jacob, S.E., 2017. Insights into the global effect of nickel dermatitis on polysensitization. Annals of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology, 118(6), p.749.
Abstract
Other IgE-mediated food allergies also contribute to systemic symptoms. Even IgE-mediated pollen allergies can contribute; Oral Allergy Syndrome happens when the immune system confuses a protein in a fresh fruit or vegetable with a pollen protein of similar shape. This leads to burning and itching in mouth and throat, issues further down the digestive tract, and systemic symptoms such as asthma, hives, rhinoconjunctivitis and dermatitis. The offending proteins are usually broken down by heat, so many of these foods can still be enjoyed if cooked thoroughly.
The test for IgE-mediated food and pollen allergies is called "prick testing" and can be obtained through your doctor.
Katta, R. and Schlichte, M., 2014. Diet and dermatitis: Food triggers. The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, 7(3), p.30.
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Kashyap, R.R. and Kashyap, R.S., 2015. Oral allergy syndrome: An update for stomatologists. Journal of Allergy, 2015.
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Histamine is an important molecule that plays many roles in the body, including immune responses. Histamine intolerance is a condition in which there is chronically more histamine in the body than there should be, and the overlap with SNAS symptoms is substantial.
Consult your health care team for testing to determine whether this is the case for you, in which case a low histamine diet or a diamine oxidase (DAO) enzyme supplement to be taken with meals may be appropriate.
Maintz, L. and Novak, N., 2007. Histamine and histamine intolerance. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 85(5), pp.1185-1196.
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Antico, A. and Soana, R., 2015. Nickel sensitization and dietary nickel are a substantial cause of symptoms provocation in patients with chronic allergic-like dermatitis syndromes. Allergy & Rhinology, 6(1), p.e56.
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Lactose intolerance is highly correlated with SNAS, with about 75% having both in one study.
Non-celiac wheat sensitivity has been correlated with systemic nickel allergy to a small degree.
Since wheat contains both gluten and fructans (a FODMAP, which can also cause IBS symptoms), it is hard to tell which one you’re actually reacting to when you cut out wheat-based products. In one study 70% of people who thought they were gluten-sensitive turned out to actually be sensitive to fructans. Talk to your health care team about ruling out celiac disease and lactose intolerance if you suspect them.
D’Alcamo, A. et al., 2017. Contact dermatitis due to nickel allergy in patients suffering from non‐celiac wheat sensitivity. Nutrients, 9(2), p.103.
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Skodje, G.I. et al., 2018. Fructan, rather than gluten, induces symptoms in patients with self-reported non-celiac gluten sensitivity. Gastroenterology, 154(3), pp.529-539.
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Cazzato, I.A. et al., 2011. Lactose intolerance in systemic nickel allergy syndrome. International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology, 24(2), pp.535-537.
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There is a bottomless pit of possible sensitivities, and to try to list them all would only lead to madness. Other common food sensitivities include nightshades, salicylates, and oxalates. Talk to your medical team for advice on how best to identify your allergies and sensitivities.
Some low nickel diets also restrict foods that aren’t typically high in nickel but are observed to elicit a reaction nonetheless.
One study incorporated the restriction of vasoactive amines (such as histamine).
Another study identified foods that triggered reactions in a significant number of SNAS patients, and not all of them are very high in nickel: tomato, lettuce, broccoli, cauliflower, onions, mushrooms, corn, cabbage and carrots; shrimp and seafood; and baked goods.
In other studies gelatin was identified as a food that must be avoided
despite food studies showing gelatin to be low nickel.
Soybeans are a high nickel food so a reaction would be expected for serving-size amounts, but even traces of soy and additives derived from soy are enough to set off some people in the SNAS online community.
Although the observed reactions could still be nickel because there is always a range of nickel content and sometimes it can be wide,
all of these observations align with the food allergies and sensitivities above. Healing from the effects of a systemic nickel allergy is often about more than just nickel.
Braga, M. et al., 2013. Systemic nickel allergy syndrome: Nosologic framework and usefulness of diet regimen for diagnosis. International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology, 26(3), pp.707-716.
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Babaahmadifooladi, M. et al., 2020. Nickel in foods sampled on the Belgian market: Identification of potential contamination sources. Food Additives & Contaminants: Part A, 37(4), pp.607-621.
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Ricciardi, L. et al., 2014. Systemic nickel allergy syndrome: Epidemiological data from four Italian allergy units. International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology, 27(1), pp.131-136.
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Sharma, A.D., 2013. Low nickel diet in dermatology. Indian Journal of Dermatology, 58(3), p.240.
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Antico, A. and Soana, R., 2015. Nickel sensitization and dietary nickel are a substantial cause of symptoms provocation in patients with chronic allergic-like dermatitis syndromes. Allergy & Rhinology, 6(1), p.e56.
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Detoxification
Although it's tempting to hurry along the process of getting all the accumulated nickel out of your body by taking "heavy metal detox" supplements, their use for this purpose isn't currently supported by science.
The pharmaceuticals that are used to chelate other heavy metals do not chelate nickel, and they are hard on the body and only recommended for acute toxicity.
Plant-based supplements haven't been tested for the chelation of nickel or the treatment of SNAS, they haven't been shown to be selective for nickel over minerals with nutritional value, and like all supplements, some of them will do you more harm than good through their own nickel content.
Blanuša, M. et al., 2005. Chelators as antidotes of metal toxicity: Therapeutic and experimental aspects. Current Medicinal Chemistry, 12(23), pp.2771-2794.
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Nickel is excreted in sweat, urine and feces.
If you think you've been exposed to more than just dietary nickel, please consult with your medical team to talk about the best way to eliminate the excess. Otherwise, supporting your body's own detoxification systems is enough to gradually get rid of it:
Zirwas, M.J. and Molenda, M.A., 2009. Dietary nickel as a cause of systemic contact dermatitis. The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, 2(6), p.39.
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Horak, E. and Sunderman, F.W., 1973. Fecal nickel excretion by healthy adults. Clinical Chemistry, 19(4), pp.429-430.
Abstract
Klein, A.V. and Kiat, H., 2015. Detox diets for toxin elimination and weight management: A critical review of the evidence. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 28(6), pp.675-686.
Full text
Melo, D.R. and Leggett, R.W., 2017. A biokinetic model for systemic nickel. Health Physics, 112(1), pp.18-27.
Preprint
Genuis, S.J. et al., 2011. Blood, urine, and sweat (BUS) study: Monitoring and elimination of bioaccumulated toxic elements. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 61(2), pp.344-357.
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Cohn, J.R. and Emmett, E.A., 1978. The excretion of trace metals in human sweat. Annals of Clinical & Laboratory Science, 8(4), pp.270-275.
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Hohnadel, D.C. et al., 1973. Atomic absorption spectrometry of nickel, copper, zinc, and lead in sweat collected from healthy subjects during sauna bathing. Clinical Chemistry, 19(11), pp.1288-1292.
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Darsow, U. et al., 2012. Influence of dietary factors, age and nickel contact dermatitis on nickel excretion. Contact Dermatitis, 67(6), pp.351-358.
Abstract
Toth, J. et al., 2019. "Detoxify or Die": Qualitative assessments of Ontario nutritionists' and dietitians' blog posts related to detoxification diets. Canadian Journal of Dietetic Practice and Research, 80(3), pp.116-121.
Abstract
Klein, A.V. and Kiat, H., 2015. Detox diets for toxin elimination and weight management: A critical review of the evidence. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 28(6), pp.675-686.
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The nickel from food and bile are absorbed in the
intestine, and longer intestinal transit times may increase how much is
absorbed.
Nielsen, G.D. et al., 1999. Absorption and retention of nickel from drinking water in relation to food intake and nickel sensitivity. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 154(1), pp.67-75.
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Sharma, A.D., 2013. Low nickel diet in dermatology. Indian Journal of Dermatology, 58(3), p.240.
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Patriarca, M., Lyon, T.D. and Fell, G.S., 1997. Nickel metabolism in humans investigated with an oral stable isotope. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 66(3), pp.616-621.
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Melo, D.R. and Leggett, R.W., 2017. A biokinetic model for systemic nickel. Health Physics, 112(1), pp.18-27.
Preprint
If you experience constipation from the change in diet, increase your intake of high fibre, low nickel fruits and vegetables. If that's not enough, talk to your doctor about docusate sodium,
or a pectin fibre supplement (which binds some metals in the gastrointestinal tract and might also be effective for nickel, although as yet untested). Anecdotally, pectin fibre supplements are well-tolerated by members of the online community.
Sears, M.E., 2013. Chelation: harnessing and enhancing heavy metal detoxification - A review. The Scientific World Journal, 2013.
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Klein, A.V. and Kiat, H., 2015. Detox diets for toxin elimination and weight management: A critical review of the evidence. Journal of Human Nutrition and Dietetics, 28(6), pp.675-686.
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Sweating is an effective way to get rid of excess nickel, as well as histamine and various immunoglobulins.
Exercise, saunas and hot baths are some activities for this purpose. Wash the sweat off to reduce the risk of reacting to, or reabsorbing, the nickel.
Calogiuri, G.F. et al., 2014. Nickel hypersensitivity: A general review on clinical aspects and potential co-morbidities. Journal of Allergy and Therapy, 7, p.243. Full text
Veien, N.K., Hattel, T. and Laurberg, G., 1993. Low nickel diet: An open, prospective trial. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 29(6), pp.1002-1007.
Abstract
Midander, K., Schenk, L. and Julander, A., 2020. A novel approach to monitor skin permeation of metals in vitro. Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology, 115, p.104693.
Abstract
Genuis, S.J. et al., 2011. Blood, urine, and sweat (BUS) study: Monitoring and elimination of bioaccumulated toxic elements. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 61(2), pp.344-357.
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Förström, L., Goldyne, M.E. and Winkelmann, R.K., 1975. IgE in human eccrine sweat. Journal of Investigative Dermatology, 64(3), pp.156-157.
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The Nickel Bucket Analogy
The nickel bucket analogy is a modification of existing allergy bucket analogies, designed to illustrate the concepts of nickel accumulation, elimination, and allergy in simple terms. Disclaimer: this is not intended to be medically accurate, it is only intended to help you visualize the concepts.
Imagine a bucket that has a small hole at the bottom. Water fills the bucket from a tap. If the water comes in at the same rate as the water leaves through the hole in the bottom, the bucket will never fill. If the water comes in faster than it can leave, the bucket will eventually overflow and make a mess.
In the "nickel bucket analogy", water represents nickel. The taps represent all of your possible exposure sources (diet, environment, and others). The hole at the bottom represents your body’s nickel elimination routes (your kidneys, liver and skin). The size of the bucket represents how much nickel you can tolerate before your nickel bucket overflows and you become a symptomatic mess.
If nickel comes in at the same rate as it can be eliminated, your nickel bucket will never overflow. This is the ultimate goal. But at the beginning, your bucket is overflowing. When you practice avoidance and reduce the nickel in your diet, you’re closing down the taps, which will eventually get the level in your bucket below the rim.
When your nickel level is near the rim of the bucket, it doesn’t take much to throw off the equilibrium of the incoming/outgoing nickel. This is always the case when you're starting out on a low nickel diet, but even after you've been at it for years the level can slowly rise without your realizing it, until it's near the rim again and seemingly without reason sloshes over, making your symptoms come back.
Of course, this analogy is an over-simplification of a very complex process. For instance, it doesn't account for the nickel that is stored in soft tissues and bone, which gets released into blood and then either eliminated or redistributed to other
locations.
This could add an element of unpredictability to your symptoms that should reduce as you slowly eliminate your stored nickel.
Melo, D.R. and Leggett, R.W., 2017. A biokinetic model for systemic nickel. Health Physics, 112(1), pp.18-27.
Preprint
When Will I Start to Feel Better?
Research has shown that eliminating a high, but still normal, dietary dose of nickel takes just a few days.
However, other research showed that the process is very different for toxic levels of nickel, where elimination happens in two phases: a fast phase and a slow phase.
The fast phase lasts about 3 months, while the slow phase continues over years. The researchers think that this "fast phase" lasts longer than it does for dietary doses because at toxic levels our elimination routes are saturated, and the slow phase is likely related to a redistribution process.
Most low nickel diet research predicts success in 1 to 3 months, but that will change depending on your past exposure level, how long you were exposed, how much you can limit your exposure, and how well your elimination routes are working. Some studies allowed for as long as 6 months for the diet to take effect.
Bergman, D. et al., 2016. Low nickel diet: A patient-centered review. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Dermatology Research, 7(355), p.2.
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Veien, N.K., Hattel, T. and Laurberg, G., 1993. Low nickel diet: An open, prospective trial. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology, 29(6), pp.1002-1007.
Abstract
Ricciardi, L. et al., 2014. Systemic nickel allergy syndrome: Epidemiological data from four Italian allergy units. International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology, 27(1), pp.131-136.
Full text
Minelli, M. et al., 2010. Oral hyposensitization to nickel induces clinical improvement and a decrease in TH1 and TH2 cytokines in patients with systemic nickel allergy syndrome. International Journal of Immunopathology and Pharmacology, 23(1), pp.193-201.
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Randazzo, C.L. et al., 2015. Probiotic supplementation in systemic nickel allergy syndrome patients: Study of its effects on lactic acid bacteria population and on clinical symptoms. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 118(1), pp.202-211.
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Kaaber, K., Veien, N.K. and Tjell, J.C., 1978. Low nickel diet in the treatment of patients with chronic nickel dermatitis. British Journal of Dermatology, 98(2), pp.197-201.
Abstract
Katta, R. and Schlichte, M., 2014. Diet and dermatitis: Food triggers. The Journal of Clinical and Aesthetic Dermatology, 7(3), p.30.
Full text
Mislankar, M. and Zirwas, M.J., 2013. Low-nickel diet scoring system for systemic nickel allergy. Dermatitis, 24(4), pp.190-195.
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Lombardi, F. et al., 2020. The effects of low-nickel diet combined with oral administration of selected probiotics on patients with Systemic Nickel Allergy Syndrome (SNAS) and gut dysbiosis. Nutrients, 12(4), p.1040.
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Rizzi, A. et al., 2017. Irritable Bowel Syndrome and nickel allergy: What is the role of the low nickel diet? Journal of Neurogastroenterology and Motility, 23(1), p.101.
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Sharma, A.D., 2011. Iron therapy in hand eczema: A new approach for management. Indian Journal of Dermatology, 56(3), p.295.
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Borghini, R. et al., 2020. Beneficial effects of a low-nickel diet on relapsing IBS-like and extraintestinal symptoms of celiac patients during a proper gluten-free diet: Nickel allergic contact mucositis in suspected non-responsive celiac disease. Nutrients, 12(8), p.2277.
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Schaller, K.H. et al., 2007. Elimination kinetics of metals after an accidental exposure to welding fumes. International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health, 80(7), pp.635-641.
Abstract
Sunderman Jr, F.W. et al., 1989. Nickel absorption and kinetics in human volunteers. Proceedings of the Society for Experimental Biology and Medicine, 191(1), pp.5-11.
Abstract
Nielsen, G.D. et al., 1999. Absorption and retention of nickel from drinking water in relation to food intake and nickel sensitivity. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology, 154(1), pp.67-75.
Full text
Cirla, A.M., 2011. Systemic nickel allergy syndrome. Biological monitoring of dietary nickel intake and induction of immunotolerance. Clinical and Translational Allergy, 1(1), p.P108. Full text
Lusi, E.A. et al., 2015. High prevalence of nickel allergy in an overweight female population: A pilot observational analysis. PloS One, 10(3), p.e0123265.
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Helpful Resources
Testing
There are two types of tests that can diagnose your nickel allergy: patch testing and blood testing.
Patch testing, wherein a small patch of the allergen is placed on your skin for 24 hours and your reaction over the following days or weeks is monitored, is done by some, but not all, allergists and dermatologists. The American Contact Dermatitis Society can help you find a patch test provider.
With the help of an allergist or dermatologist you can get patch tested for many contact allergens at once, which is important because all of your allergens contribute to your symptoms.
Propylene glycol, propolis, linalool, and compositae are also found in foods and are not on the T.R.U.E. test, a standard test used in the United States.
Consider asking for a larger panel.
Be aware that a nickel patch test can be very delayed, appearing up to 10 days after patch removal.
Zhu, T.H. et al., 2018. The medical necessity of comprehensive patch testing. Dermatitis, 29(3), pp.107-111.
Abstract
Fonacier, L. and Noor, I., 2018. Contact dermatitis and patch testing for the allergist. Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, 120(6), pp.592-598.
Full text
Blood testing for metal allergies is available through MELISA
and Orthopedic Analysis. A doctor must place the order.
While patch testing is still considered the gold standard for diagnosing contact
allergies, it does have its
limitations.
In cases where the patch test is negative or inconclusive but a nickel allergy is still suspected, blood testing can be used as a backup test to confirm the diagnosis.
There are some circumstances in which a blood test is preferable to a patch test,
and the blood test may be more relevant in patients sensitized to nickel by internal exposure, for example patients with metal implants and/or no history of skin reactions.
Fonacier, L. and Noor, I., 2018. Contact dermatitis and patch testing for the allergist. Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, 120(6), pp.592-598.
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Blom, L.H. et al., 2021. Memory T helper cells identify patients with nickel, cobalt, and chromium metal allergy. Contact Dermatitis.Abstract
Fonacier, L. and Noor, I., 2018. Contact dermatitis and patch testing for the allergist. Annals of Allergy, Asthma and Immunology, 120(6), pp.592-598.
Full text
Ständer, S. et al., 2017. Evaluation of lymphocyte transformation tests as compared with patch tests in nickel allergy diagnosis. Contact Dermatitis, 76(4), pp.228-234.
Abstract
Ständer, S. et al., 2017. Evaluation of lymphocyte transformation tests as compared with patch tests in nickel allergy diagnosis. Contact Dermatitis, 76(4), pp.228-234.
Abstract
Blom, L.H. et al., 2021. Memory T helper cells identify patients with nickel, cobalt, and chromium metal allergy. Contact Dermatitis.Abstract
Ständer, S. et al., 2017. Evaluation of lymphocyte transformation tests as compared with patch tests in nickel allergy diagnosis. Contact Dermatitis, 76(4), pp.228-234.
Abstract
Pacheco, K. et al., 2013. Development of a validated blood test for nickel sensitization. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, 132(3), pp.767-769.
Full text
Blom, L.H. et al., 2021. Memory T helper cells identify patients with nickel, cobalt, and chromium metal allergy. Contact Dermatitis.Abstract
Ständer, S. et al., 2017. Evaluation of lymphocyte transformation tests as compared with patch tests in nickel allergy diagnosis. Contact Dermatitis, 76(4), pp.228-234.
Abstract
Education
The Dermatitis Academy
and Dermnet NZ are good educational resources for ACD to nickel or any other contact allergens. Both are created and maintained by doctors and medical researchers.
Kristina David Wellness provides a low nickel diet course and one-on-one coaching, including meal planning and nutrition.
Appendix: Generating a Custom Score Sheet
The Excel workbook contains macros that generate Score Sheets based on location. The first sheet contains notes and information on how to use it. The "Main" sheet contains the data.
The "Settings" sheet is where the desired location is defined with a latitude and longitude and some customizations can be set. The Score Sheets above were generated with Level 2 granularity, but you can generate a higher-level view by choosing Level 1. You can choose to ignore cooked and canned foods, but be aware this won't work for Level 1 granularity because cooked and canned are sometimes combined into a single food label.
The GenerateAnalysisSheet macro will generate two new sheets with the results for the current settings, one for all foods, and one for foods marked as "Favourites" in the last column of the "Main" sheet. These are not the printable sheets, but can be pasted into a word processing program for pretty formatting. If you want to auto-generate it as a pretty-printable sheet, you have to add your location to the "Weights" sheet, sort the list alphabetically by the Data Label column, and then add the row index of the location you want to the array rowArr in the GenerateAllSheets macro. Running GenerateAllSheets should create the printable Score Sheet.
If you need a custom location and you can’t work with Excel, or the sheets and macros look like spaghetti, send us a note. We're happy to help.
In the "nickel bucket analogy", water represents nickel. The taps represent all of your possible exposure sources (diet, environment, and others). The hole at the bottom represents your body’s nickel elimination routes (your kidneys, liver and skin). The size of the bucket represents how much nickel you can tolerate before your nickel bucket overflows and you become a symptomatic mess.